
Cream cheese, unsalted butter, all-purpose flour, kosher salt, seedless raspberry jam, and powdered sugar.
Table of Contents
I have a real soft spot for cookies that look like you fussed over them, even when you didnโt really fuss that much. These Raspberry Swirl Cookies are exactly that kind of cookie. They look delicate and pretty, with that little raspberry ribbon curling through the center, but theyโre made with such simple ingredients: cream cheese, butter, flour, salt, raspberry jam, and powdered sugar. Nothing wild. Nothing that sends you wandering through three grocery aisles asking yourself why baking got so dramatic.
The first time I made Raspberry Swirl Cookies, Iโll be honest, I was a little suspicious of the dough. Cream cheese dough can be soft. Like, โAre you sure this is going to roll out?โ soft. I remember standing at the counter with flour on my hands, the rolling pin nearby, and that tiny voice in my head going, โWell, this could either be beautiful or a complete sticky mess.โ Sound familiar? But after chilling, the dough behaved so much better. It rolled out, accepted the jam, and turned into these sweet little spirals that looked way more impressive than the effort I actually put in.
These cream cheese cookies remind me of the kind of treats you see on old-fashioned holiday trays โ the ones with powdered sugar, fruit filling, shortbread, maybe a few chocolate cookies tucked in between. Thereโs something nostalgic about them. They feel like cookies someoneโs aunt would bring to a family gathering in a tin, and everyone would casually take one, then circle back five minutes later pretending they โforgotโ to try the raspberry one. Weโve all seen that move.
What I love most about these raspberry jam cookies is that they arenโt too sweet. The dough itself is buttery, soft, and just a little tangy from the cream cheese, so the raspberry jam gets to be the star. It adds sweetness, yes, but also a little brightness. A tiny tart note. The powdered sugar on top gives them that snowy, pretty finish without turning them into frosting-heavy cookies. I like frosting, donโt get me wrong, but sometimes a cookie with just powdered sugar feels calmer. More elegant. Less โbirthday party at full volume.โ
The swirl is the part that makes these cookies feel special. You roll the dough into a long rectangle, spread on the seedless raspberry jam, roll it up into a log, chill it, and slice. Each slice gives you a little spiral, and honestly, itโs kind of satisfying. Some swirls will look neat and bakery-like. Some will look slightly sideways, like they had a long day. Thatโs fine. Homemade holiday swirl cookies are allowed to have personality. Honestly, the imperfect ones usually look the most charming to me.
I also love that these Raspberry Swirl Cookies fit into so many moments. Theyโre pretty enough for Christmas, sweet enough for Valentineโs Day, light enough for Easter, and elegant enough for a tea party or shower. But theyโre also lovely for a regular weekend when you want something that feels a little more special than a basic cookie. I mean, not every cookie has to be dramatic, but sometimes itโs nice when dessert arrives wearing a tiny raspberry scarf.
The chilling steps may feel like extra work, but they really do help. The dough chills before rolling, and the log chills again before slicing. I know waiting is annoying. Iโm not going to pretend Iโm always patient about it. But with Raspberry Swirl Cookies, cold dough is your friend. It rolls better, slices cleaner, and keeps the swirl prettier. Warm dough, on the other hand, has opinions. Sticky opinions.
These powdered sugar cookies also have that pretty, festive look without needing decorating skills. No piping bags. No food coloring. No tiny sprinkles rolling under the fridge. Just a dusting of powdered sugar after the cookies cool. It gives them this soft little snow-kissed finish that looks especially nice on a holiday cookie tray. Just donโt dust them while theyโre warm, because the sugar will melt in and disappear like it never showed up. Ask me how I know.
So if you like cookies that are buttery, fruity, a little delicate, and honestly just very sweet to look at, these Raspberry Swirl Cookies are a lovely one to make. They take a little rolling and chilling, yes, but nothing scary. And once you see those raspberry spirals, youโll probably feel like it was worth every floury fingerprint on the counter.


Why youโll Love these Raspberry Swirl Cookies?
Youโll love these Raspberry Swirl Cookies because they look beautiful without asking you to decorate each cookie by hand. The raspberry jam creates the swirl naturally, and the powdered sugar gives the cookies a soft, snowy finish. They look like something from a holiday bakery case, but theyโre made with simple ingredients and a very manageable process. I love that kind of cookie โ pretty, but not bossy.
These cream cheese cookies also have such a tender, buttery texture. The cream cheese gives the dough a slight tang and a soft bite, while the butter adds richness. Theyโre not crunchy like biscotti, not thick like cake cookies, and not overly sweet like frosted sugar cookies. They sit somewhere in the middle โ delicate, buttery, and just sweet enough. I think thatโs why they work so well with raspberry jam.
Another reason these raspberry jam cookies are so good is the flavor balance. The dough is mild and rich, while the jam adds that bright fruit flavor right through the center. The powdered sugar adds a gentle sweetness at the end, but it doesnโt overpower anything. The whole cookie feels light compared to heavier holiday desserts, which is nice when the dessert table already has fudge, brownies, and three different kinds of chocolate happening.
These holiday swirl cookies are also perfect for cookie trays because they bring color without needing sprinkles or frosting. The red raspberry swirl looks festive for Christmas, romantic for Valentineโs Day, and cheerful for spring gatherings. One cookie, many moods. I appreciate that kind of flexibility, especially when I donโt want to reinvent the whole recipe every season.
I also like that this recipe makes about 30 cookies, which feels like a good number. Enough to share, but not so many that youโre staring at a mountain of cookies wondering where your counter went. Of course, 30 cookies can disappear fast if people keep โjust tasting one.โ Cookie math is not normal math. We all know this.
These Raspberry Swirl Cookies also give you little stopping points, which is helpful. You can make the dough, chill it, roll it with jam, chill the log, and bake when youโre ready. It doesnโt have to be one frantic kitchen sprint. During the holidays, or honestly any busy week, I love a recipe that lets me pause and come back later without ruining everything.
And maybe best of all, these cookies feel special without feeling heavy. The cream cheese dough is rich, but the raspberry jam keeps each bite bright. Theyโre sweet, but not too much. Pretty, but not precious. Homemade, but still a little elegant. Do you agree that those are the best kinds of cookies?

Ingredient Notes
The ingredients in Raspberry Swirl Cookies are simple, but they all matter. The cream cheese and butter make the dough soft and rich, the flour gives it structure, the kosher salt balances the flavor, and the seedless raspberry jam creates that pretty fruit swirl. Powdered sugar finishes everything with a light, sweet dusting. Itโs a short ingredient list, but it really does the job.
- Cream Cheese: Cream cheese gives these cream cheese cookies their soft, tender texture and that gentle tang that keeps them from tasting too plain. Make sure itโs softened before mixing, because cold cream cheese can leave little lumps in the dough. Itโs not a total disaster if that happens, but smooth dough is much easier to roll. And with swirl cookies, anything that makes rolling easier is welcome. Very welcome.
- Unsalted Butter: Unsalted butter adds richness and helps make the dough soft and buttery. Use softened butter so it blends smoothly with the cream cheese. If the butter is too cold, the dough may come together unevenly. If itโs melted, the dough can get too soft and sticky. Room-temperature butter is one of those boring baking tips people repeat for a reason, unfortunately. It works.
- All-Purpose Flour: All-purpose flour gives the dough enough structure to roll, fill, slice, and bake. The recipe calls for sifted flour, which helps create a smoother dough and keeps lumps away. Since these Raspberry Swirl Cookies are rolled into a thin rectangle, smooth dough really helps. Measure carefully, too. Too much flour can make the cookies dry, and dry cookies are just sad little circles.
- Kosher Salt: Kosher salt balances the butter, cream cheese, and sweet raspberry jam. You only need ยฝ teaspoon, but it makes the flavor taste more complete. The cookies wonโt taste salty. The salt just wakes everything up a little, like opening the window in a stuffy room. Tiny ingredient, helpful job.
- Seedless Raspberry Jam: Seedless raspberry jam is the star of these raspberry jam cookies. It gives the cookies their pretty swirl and bright fruit flavor. Seedless jam spreads more smoothly and makes cleaner slices, which helps the swirl look nicer. If the jam is thick, stir it before spreading. And try not to add too much, even though itโs tempting. Too much jam can leak out and turn the baking sheet into a sticky raspberry crime scene.
- Powdered Sugar: Powdered sugar is dusted over the cooled cookies for a soft, pretty finish. It adds a little sweetness and makes these powdered sugar cookies look festive without much effort. Just make sure the cookies are completely cool before dusting. If theyโre warm, the sugar may melt in and vanish, which feels unfair after you went through the trouble.

How to Make Raspberry Swirl Cookies?
Making Raspberry Swirl Cookies is easier when you think of it in small steps. Youโll make the cream cheese dough, chill it, roll it out, spread it with raspberry jam, roll it into a log, chill again, slice, bake, cool, and dust with powdered sugar. It sounds like a lot written out, but each step is simple. The biggest trick is keeping the dough cool enough to handle.
Step 1: Make the cream cheese dough
In a large mixing bowl, cream together the softened butter and cream cheese until smooth and well combined. This is the base of the dough, so give it a minute to come together properly. Once it looks smooth, gradually add the sifted flour and kosher salt. Keep mixing until the dough forms a soft ball. It may look crumbly at first, and you might think, โHmm, this doesnโt look right,โ but keep going. It usually comes together.
Step 2: Shape and chill the dough
Move the dough to a clean surface and shape it into a flattened disc. A disc is much easier to roll later than a round dough lump, so this little step helps more than it seems. Wrap the dough in plastic wrap and refrigerate it for 30 minutes. This chill time firms up the butter and cream cheese so the dough is less sticky. Itโs a small wait, but it saves you from dough that wants to attach itself to the counter forever.
Step 3: Roll out the dough
After chilling, flour a clean surface generously. Place the dough on the floured surface, dust the top with more flour, and roll it into a rectangle about 10 inches by 12 inches. Then add a little more flour as needed and continue rolling it into a longer rectangle, about 10 inches by 30 inches. Try to keep the dough thickness fairly even, but donโt obsess. If one side is a little wonky, welcome to homemade baking.
Step 4: Spread the raspberry jam
Spread the seedless raspberry jam evenly over the dough, leaving about a ยฝ-inch border along one of the shorter edges. That plain edge helps seal the log after rolling. Keep the jam layer thin and even. I know, more jam feels like it should be better, but too much can squeeze out when you roll and slice. A thin layer gives you that pretty swirl without too much sticky drama.
Step 5: Roll the dough into a log
Starting from the jam-covered end, carefully roll the dough into a log. Roll gently but firmly so the dough holds together without pushing out all the jam. When you reach the plain edge, press it lightly to seal. If a little jam sneaks out, donโt panic. These Raspberry Swirl Cookies are not trying to win a perfection contest. Theyโre cookies. Theyโre allowed to be a little messy.
Step 6: Chill the log
Place the rolled dough log in the refrigerator for 15 minutes. This short chill helps firm the dough so it slices more cleanly. While the log chills, preheat your oven to 375ยฐF. I know it feels like another pause, but this one really helps the swirl hold its shape. Cold dough behaves better. Most of the time, anyway.
Step 7: Slice the cookies
Remove the chilled log from the refrigerator and slice it into ยผ-inch thick cookies. You can use sewing thread or a sharp knife. Sewing thread works nicely because it cuts through the dough without pressing down too much, but a sharp knife is fine too. If the log starts getting too soft, put it back in the fridge for a few minutes. Dough breaks are allowed.
Step 8: Arrange the cookies
Place the sliced cookies flat on a parchment-lined baking sheet, leaving a little space between them so they donโt touch. Theyโre thin, so they donโt need tons of room, but they should have enough space to bake evenly. Parchment paper helps prevent sticking and makes cleanup easier, which is always a tiny blessing.
Step 9: Bake until lightly golden
Bake the cookies at 375ยฐF for 17 to 20 minutes, or until the edges are lightly golden. Keep an eye on them near the end, because thin cookies can go from perfect to overdone pretty quickly. You want set centers and lightly golden edges. Thatโs the sweet spot for these holiday swirl cookies.
Step 10: Cool and dust with powdered sugar
Transfer the baked cookies to a wire rack and let them cool completely. Once theyโre cool, dust them with powdered sugar before serving. Donโt rush this part. Warm cookies will melt the powdered sugar and make it disappear. Cool cookies give you that pretty, soft, snowy finish that makes Raspberry Swirl Cookies look extra lovely on a plate.
Storage Options
Raspberry Swirl Cookies store nicely, which makes them helpful for holidays, cookie trays, and make-ahead baking. Since theyโre made with cream cheese dough and raspberry jam, youโll want to keep them covered and handle them gently. Theyโre delicate cookies, not sturdy lunchbox bricks, and thatโs part of their charm.
Store the cooled cookies in an airtight container at room temperature for up to 2 days, as long as your kitchen is cool. Place parchment paper or wax paper between layers to protect the swirls and powdered sugar finish. They taste best fresh, but theyโre still very nice the next day with tea or coffee. Actually, a leftover cookie with morning coffee feels like a tiny secret victory.
For longer storage, refrigerate the cookies in an airtight container for up to 5 days. Let them sit at room temperature for a few minutes before serving so the texture softens slightly. Cold cream cheese cookies are fine, but theyโre better once theyโve had a little time to relax. Same, honestly.
You can also freeze baked Raspberry Swirl Cookies for up to 2 months. For the prettiest finish, freeze them before dusting with powdered sugar, then add the powdered sugar after thawing. Powdered sugar can absorb moisture in the freezer, so adding it fresh makes the cookies look much nicer. Still delicious either way, but prettier matters sometimes.
The dough can be made ahead, too. You can chill the dough disc for up to 24 hours before rolling, or freeze it tightly wrapped for up to 1 month. Thaw frozen dough in the refrigerator before rolling it out. If it feels too firm after chilling, let it sit at room temperature for a few minutes until itโs easier to roll. Not too long, though, or it may get sticky again. Dough has moods.
You can also chill the rolled log for several hours before slicing and baking. This is especially useful during busy baking days when you want to spread out the work. Make the dough, roll it with jam, chill the log, and bake later. These holiday swirl cookies fit nicely into that stop-and-start kitchen rhythm, especially when the counter is already covered in flour and somebody has stolen your measuring spoon.
Variations & Substitutions
These Raspberry Swirl Cookies are beautiful with raspberry jam, but theyโre also easy to change depending on what you like. The cream cheese dough is mild and buttery, so it pairs well with different fruit jams, citrus, nuts, and simple toppings. You can keep them classic or give them a little twist. Either way, theyโll still have that pretty swirl-cookie charm.
- Use Strawberry Jam: Strawberry jam gives these jam swirl cookies a sweeter, softer fruit flavor. Seedless strawberry jam spreads smoothly, but regular strawberry jam works too if you donโt mind some texture. Strawberry is especially nice for Valentineโs Day, spring gatherings, or kid-friendly cookie trays. Itโs familiar, pretty, and hard not to like.
- Try Apricot Preserves: Apricot preserves give the cookies a bright, slightly tangy flavor that feels a little old-fashioned in the best way. If the preserves have large fruit pieces, chop them or stir them well before spreading. That makes rolling easier and helps the swirl stay neater. Apricot and cream cheese dough are quietly wonderful together.
- Add Lemon Zest: Add about 1 teaspoon of finely grated lemon zest to the dough for a brighter flavor. Lemon and raspberry are such a good pair because the citrus makes the jam taste fresh and lively. It adds a little sunshine to these raspberry jam cookies, which is especially nice on gray baking days.
- Use Almond Extract: A small amount of almond extract gives the dough a bakery-style flavor. Start with ยผ teaspoon, because almond extract can be strong and a little bossy. It pairs beautifully with raspberry jam and makes the cookies feel more elegant. Just donโt overdo it unless you really love almond.
- Add Vanilla Extract: Add about ยฝ teaspoon of vanilla extract if you want a warmer, more classic cookie flavor. The dough is simple, so vanilla gives it a soft background sweetness without taking attention away from the raspberry swirl. Itโs an easy little upgrade.
- Try Different Fruit Jams: Blackberry, blueberry, cherry, mixed berry, or fig jam can all work in these Raspberry Swirl Cookies. Use a thick jam so it doesnโt run too much while baking. Seedless jam gives cleaner swirls, but chunkier jams give a more rustic look. And โrusticโ is a very useful word when cookies decide not to look perfect.
- Make Them More Festive: For holidays, dust the cooled cookies generously with powdered sugar or drizzle them with melted white chocolate. You can also sprinkle a little sanding sugar over the jam before rolling for sparkle. These holiday swirl cookies are already pretty, but a small finishing touch can make them feel extra special.
- Use Whole Wheat Pastry Flour: For a slightly nuttier flavor, replace part of the all-purpose flour with whole wheat pastry flour. Iโd start with about ยฝ cup so the cookies stay tender. Too much whole wheat flour can make the dough heavier, and these cookies are best when they stay delicate.
- Make Smaller Cookies: Roll the dough a little tighter and slice the cookies slightly thinner if you want smaller bite-size cookies. Watch the baking time closely because smaller cookies may bake faster. Theyโre perfect for cookie trays when people want to sample a little of everything. Tiny cookies disappear fast, though. Thatโs just science, probably.
- Add Nuts: Finely chopped almonds, walnuts, or pecans can be sprinkled lightly over the jam before rolling. Keep the pieces very small so the log rolls neatly and slices cleanly. Nuts add crunch and flavor, but too many can make the swirl harder to shape. A little goes a long way here.

What to Serve With Raspberry Swirl Cookies?
Raspberry Swirl Cookies are buttery, fruity, and delicate, so they pair best with simple drinks and treats that let the raspberry flavor shine. Theyโre lovely on cookie trays, afternoon tea plates, brunch spreads, dessert boards, and holiday gift boxes. Since the cookies already have rich cream cheese dough and sweet jam, the best pairings are cozy, fresh, or lightly sweet.
- Tea: Tea is one of the best pairings for Raspberry Swirl Cookies. Black tea, Earl Grey, chamomile, raspberry tea, or mild green tea all work nicely. The warmth of the tea balances the buttery dough and sweet jam without overpowering the cookie. It gives the whole thing a cozy afternoon-tea feeling, even if youโre just standing in the kitchen wearing slippers and avoiding the laundry.
- Coffee: Coffee pairs beautifully with these cream cheese cookies because the slight bitterness balances the jam and powdered sugar. A hot cup of coffee, espresso, or iced coffee all work. Itโs simple, but it feels like a real little moment. Cookie, coffee, quiet. Sometimes thatโs enough.
- Hot Chocolate: Hot chocolate makes these cookies feel especially cozy during the holidays. The raspberry swirl adds a fruity contrast to the chocolate drink, almost like a chocolate-raspberry dessert. Itโs sweet, warm, and comforting. Maybe a little indulgent, but thatโs not exactly a problem.
- Sparkling Lemonade: Sparkling lemonade adds brightness and a little fizz beside these raspberry jam cookies. Lemon and raspberry are a cheerful pair, and the bubbles make everything feel more festive. This is a lovely option for brunches, showers, spring gatherings, or any table that needs something pretty and light.
- Vanilla Ice Cream: Serve a few cookies with a scoop of vanilla ice cream for an easy dessert plate. The cold creaminess works beautifully with the buttery cookie and raspberry jam. And if one cookie breaks? Crumble it over the ice cream. Broken cookies still deserve a happy ending.
- Fresh Berries: Fresh raspberries, strawberries, or blueberries are lovely with Raspberry Swirl Cookies. They add color, freshness, and a little tartness beside the buttery dough. This pairing looks especially pretty for brunch, afternoon tea, or a spring dessert table.
- Holiday Cookie Tray: Add these holiday swirl cookies to a tray with sugar cookies, shortbread, gingerbread, chocolate crinkles, and butter cookies. The red raspberry swirl and powdered sugar finish make them stand out beautifully. They bring a fruity option to balance all the chocolate and spice, which is always nice.
- Cheesecake: These cookies pair well with plain cheesecake or mini cheesecakes. The cream cheese dough echoes the creamy cheesecake flavor, while the raspberry jam adds brightness. Itโs a rich pairing, so smaller portions work best. But goodness, itโs a pretty dessert plate.
- Whipped Cream: A small dollop of lightly sweetened whipped cream can make these cookies feel like a plated dessert. Keep the whipped cream simple so it doesnโt overpower the raspberry flavor. A little on the side is plenty.
- Dessert Board: Add Raspberry Swirl Cookies to a dessert board with fruit, white chocolate, shortbread, meringues, marshmallows, and nuts. Their swirl adds color and shape, which makes the board look more thoughtful. Iโd place them near fresh berries or white chocolate for contrast. Very cute. Very snackable.
FAQ
Can I use jam with seeds?
Yes, you can use raspberry jam with seeds, but seedless raspberry jam is usually better for Raspberry Swirl Cookies. Seedless jam spreads more smoothly and slices more cleanly, which helps the swirl look prettier. Jam with seeds still tastes good, though. It just gives the cookies a little more texture.
Why is my jam leaking out?
Jam may leak if you use too much, roll the dough too tightly, or slice the log while itโs too soft. Use a thin, even layer of jam and leave a ยฝ-inch border along one short edge to help seal the log. Chilling the log before slicing also helps. A tiny bit of jam leaking is normal, though. Cookies like to remind us weโre human.
How do I slice the cookies without squishing the swirl?
Use sewing thread or a sharp knife to slice the chilled log into ยผ-inch thick cookies. Sewing thread can make cleaner cuts because it moves through the dough without pressing down too hard. If using a knife, make sure itโs sharp and wipe it if jam starts sticking.
Why did my powdered sugar disappear?
Powdered sugar can melt or absorb into the cookies if theyโre still warm when dusted. Make sure the cookies are completely cool before adding powdered sugar. For the prettiest finish, dust them shortly before serving. That gives them the fresh, snowy look.

Raspberry Swirl Cookies are buttery, tender, fruity, and just pretty enough to make a cookie tray feel special. The cream cheese dough gives them a soft richness, the raspberry jam adds that bright little swirl, and powdered sugar gives them a delicate finish. Theyโre simple, but they have charm. Real charm.
I love that these cookies feel elegant without being too complicated. Yes, thereโs rolling. Yes, thereโs chilling. And yes, you may get flour on your sleeves and a bit of jam on the counter. But thatโs part of it, right? Once you slice the log and see those raspberry swirls, the whole thing feels worth it. Even the slightly crooked cookies look sweet.
Try these Raspberry Swirl Cookies the next time you want cream cheese cookies, raspberry jam cookies, or holiday swirl cookies that feel homemade, pretty, and a little special. And tell me โ are you keeping them classic with raspberry, or trying strawberry, apricot, cherry, or something totally unexpected next? Canโt wait to hear what you think!

Raspberry Swirl Cookies
Ingredients
- 8 oz cream cheese softened
- ยฝ cup unsalted butter softened
- 1 ยฝ cups all-purpose flour sifted
- ยฝ tsp kosher salt
- โ cup seedless raspberry jam
- Powdered sugar for dusting
Instructions
Prepare the dough.
- In a large mixing bowl, combine the softened cream cheese and softened unsalted butter. Beat until the mixture is smooth, creamy, and fully incorporated.
Add the dry ingredients.
- Gradually add the sifted all-purpose flour and kosher salt to the cream cheese mixture. Mix until the ingredients come together and form a cohesive dough.
Shape and chill the dough.
- Transfer the dough to a clean work surface. Shape it into a flattened disc, then wrap it securely in plastic wrap. Refrigerate for 30 minutes to firm the dough and make it easier to roll.
Roll the dough.
- Lightly flour a clean, flat surface. Place the chilled dough on the prepared surface and dust the top lightly with flour. Roll the dough into a rectangle measuring approximately 10 x 12 inches.
Extend the dough rectangle.
- Add additional flour as needed to prevent sticking. Continue rolling the dough into a longer rectangle measuring approximately 10 x 30 inches.
Add the raspberry jam.
- Spread the seedless raspberry jam evenly over the surface of the dough, leaving a ยฝ-inch border along one short edge to help seal the log.
Form the dough log.
- Starting from the jam-covered end, carefully roll the dough into a tight log. Position the uncoated edge at the end and press gently to seal.
Chill the log.
- Place the rolled dough log in the refrigerator for 15 minutes to firm before slicing.
Preheat the oven.
- Preheat the oven to 375ยฐF. Line a baking sheet with parchment paper.
Slice the cookies.
- Remove the chilled log from the refrigerator. Using sewing thread or a sharp knife, slice the log into ยผ-inch thick cookies.
Arrange the cookies.
- Place the sliced cookies flat on the prepared baking sheet, leaving space between each cookie. Ensure the cookies do not touch.
Bake.
- Bake for 17 to 20 minutes, or until the edges are lightly golden and the centers are set.
Cool the cookies.
- Remove the cookies from the oven and transfer them to a wire rack. Allow them to cool completely.
Finish with powdered sugar.
- Once the cookies are fully cooled, dust them lightly with powdered sugar before serving.
Notes











